Detection of Flexibacter maritimus in fish tissue using nested PCR amplification

A nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) system was developed for the detection of Flexibacter maritimus from fish tissue. The total procedure for the diagnosis of marine flexibacteriosis, from the point of DNA extraction to the electrophoretic analysis, can be performed in < 4 h. This was achieved by the combination of a short thermal cycling programme with a rapid DNA extraction procedure. The assay was extremely sensitive, capable of detecting as few as 75 cfu mg(-1) fish tissue. The accuracy of the nested PCR was confirmed under field conditions using tissue samples recovered during 1993-2002 from fish suffering marine flexibacteriosis. The nested PCR method proved to be efficient for the rapid and sensitive detection of F. maritimus from fish tissues and can be used for routine diagnosis of the disease caused by this pathogen.     

用逆转录多聚酶链式反应从凡纳对虾中检出传染性皮下组织和造血器官坏死病毒

传染性皮下组织和造血器官坏死病毒 (ＩＨＨＮＶ) ,是一种细小病毒 ,它能感染所有起源于中胚层和外胚层的对虾组织细胞[1] 。在许多养殖对虾的国家都有ＩＨＨＮＶ ,特别是中美洲国家和地区[2 ] 的对虾养殖业深受其害。随着各国间对虾贸易的急剧增长 ,ＩＨＨＮＶ地理分布范围日益广泛 ,迄今为止 ,已扩散到中国台湾、新加坡、马来西亚、泰国、印度尼西亚、澳大利亚、菲律宾、厄瓜多尔、秘鲁等国家和地区[2 -4] 。红额角对虾 (Ｐｅｎａｅｕｓｓｔｙｌｉｒｏｓｔｒｉｓ)、斑节对虾 (Ｐ .ｍｏｎｏｄｏｎ)、短沟对虾 (Ｐ .ｓｅｍｉｓｕｌｃａｔｕ…     

Spawning induces a shift in energy metabolism from glucose to lipid in rainbow trout white muscle

Enzymatic changes that occur in the white somatic muscle of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in response to spawning were investigated, and the evenness of their distribution across the ventral-dorsal plane of this muscle was assessed. Four enzymes that are involved in energy metabolism were measured (phosphofructokinase: glycolytic capacity, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase: -oxidation, citrate synthase: citric acid cycle, cytochrome oxidase: oxidative capacity). The enzyme activities were followed in different parts of the white muscle of non-spawning female rainbow trout from May, four months after their first spawning, until December, at second spawning. Samples were taken from white epaxial muscle along the lateral line, on the dorsum, and in between. Samples were also taken from red muscle of non-spawning fish. The isoforms of myosin heavy chains (MyHC) were electrophoretically identified on 6% SDS-PAGE gel to study possible changes in contractile properties of the muscle.Transformation from the non-spawning to spawning phase was associated with dramatic changes in the activity of the enzymes studied in white muscle: glycolytic capacity decreased to less than half, whereas oxidative metabolism increased about two- to four-fold in all areas. Significant quantitative differences in enzyme activities were found between the three epaxial muscle areas: in the non-spawning fish lateral line samples differed from those taken in the other two areas, whereas in spawning fish the dorsal sample difered from the other two. No difference in the expression of MyHC-isoforms was found between spawning and non-spawning fish. Co-expression of both slow and fast isoforms was found in single fibres isolated from red muscle.The results show that the energy metabolism in white muscle of domestic rainbow trout is altered during spawning; i.e., the metabolism becomes increasingly aerobic, with an increased capacity for fatty acid utilization, concomitant with phenotypic changes associated with sexual maturation. These changes are especially pronounced in ventral, superficially located fibres.     

甜菜链式纸钵苗分离装置参数优化

对甜菜链式纸钵苗自动移栽机的链式纸钵苗分离装置主要参数进行了优化试验研究。介绍了分离装置的结构及工作原理;采用二次正交旋转中心组合优化试验方法,以分离率、钵苗损伤率为目标函数,以钵苗引出速度、分离轮与引出轮速比、分离轮倾斜角度为影响因子,对影响分离装置性能的工作和结构参数组合进行了优化试验研究。结果表明：当引出速度78～93 mm/s、速比6～7、分离轮倾斜角度为13°时,分离率达95%以上,钵苗损伤率小于6%。为甜菜链式纸钵苗分离装置的设计提供了依据。     

Predicting the rate of range expansion of an invasive alien bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) using a stochastic spatio-temporal model

To develop effective strategies for managing biological invasions, it is important to understand and be able to predict patterns of invasion and range expansion, and particularly the rate of spread and factors controlling this rate. To predict the spatial dynamics of invasion by an alien bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) in Hokkaido, Japan, we explicitly constructed a stochastic spatio-temporal model that incorporates immigration and establishment processes. Using a Bayesian approach, we parameterized the model based on spatio-temporal presence/absence data collected by citizen volunteers and used the model to predict control of the near-future spread of the bumblebee under several management strategies. The range expansion dynamics of B. terrestris were significantly negatively affected by two aspects of environmental heterogeneity: the land-use pattern (the proportion of woodland) and climate (the snow depth). Of the several spatial management strategies, suppressing the outlying (edge) colonies would be the most efficient strategy to reduce the bumblebee’s spread, irrespective of the level of effort, and would significantly slow the bumblebee’s range expansion during the next 30 years. The modeling approach employed in the present study will be broadly useful for studying real-world biological invasion problems, for which prediction of the progress of an invasion, even in the very near future, is urgently needed to support effective spatial management options and countermeasures. In addition, the model demonstrates that incorporating the dynamics of environmental heterogeneity is a fundamental requirement for prediction and risk assessment during biological invasions, especially in the context of recent rapid changes in the environment at regional and global scales.     

油锯人机界面的优化研究

该文通过实验研究探讨了油锯人机界面几何参数对操作者主观施力及对其身体生理负荷的影响规律 .通过对实验数据的回归得出了高把油锯和矮把油锯的人机界面几何参数与评价指标 (最大有效扭矩、力损耗因子、肌肉收缩强度 )之间存在的定量化方程 .建立了油锯的人机界面几何参数优化的目标函数 ,并求出了高把油锯和矮把油锯的最佳几何参数 .高把油锯的最佳几何参数 :把手横轴距为 5 40mm ;把手与地面垂轴距为 6 88mm ;把手与油箱后部纵轴距为 186mm ;把手直径为 30mm ;把手倾角为 33° .矮把油锯的最佳几何参数 :把手横轴距为 14mm ;把手纵轴距为 40 0mm ;把手垂轴距为 5 0mm ;把手直径为 2 8mm ;把手倾角为 2 3     

Repeated annual drought has minor long‐term influence on δ13C and alkane composition of plant and soil in model grassland and heathland ecosystems

As a result of global climate change the incidence of drought conditions in Europe is predicted to increase in the future, which also influences plant resistance. Lipids are important plant constituents that protect plants against drought stress and contribute to the intermediate stable carbon (C) pool in soil. However, the extent to which drought influences lipid cycling in the plant–soil system is unknown and, therefore, it remains questionable how the ecosystem recovers after drought. We focused on plant and soil samples from two different plant communities (temperate grassland and heathland) that had been exposed to 5 years of 4.5–6.0 weeks repeated annual drought. They were sampled one year after the last drought to check the recovery of the plant–soil system. Samples were analyzed for their bulk C, stable C and nitrogen (N) isotope (δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N) and lipid composition. Contrary to our expectation, no strong influence of five years of repeated annual drought was observed for above‐ground biomass, roots and soils in the model ecosystems with respect to elemental (C and N concentrations, C : N ratio) bulk isotope (δ¹³C, δ¹⁵N) composition and the total extractable lipid concentration. Thus, plants did not sustain a significant change in their C and lipid concentration as well as their composition after five years of repeated annual drought. This might be related to the comparatively short drought period related to the overall growth season and provides evidence for recovery of the C and lipid dynamics in temperate grassland and heathland model ecosystems exposed to annual drought.     

电子行业绿色供应链管理实施的系统动力学研究

指出了电子行业资源消耗、环境污染与经济发展的矛盾日益凸显,实施绿色供应链管理是电子企业寻求可持续发展的出路。应用系统动力学对电子企业实施绿色供应链进行了建模,从企业外部环境约束及企业自身内部环境两方面对电子行业绿色供应链管理的实施提供了理论依据和具体措施。